Iep goals for counseling - No accredited college accepts students with IEP diplomas. Students with IEP diplomas may be able to attend a community college if they are able to fulfill other requirements such a...

 
The above are where you will find. IEP counseling goals for anxiety. Self-control goals. Goals for aggression. Goals for coping skills and emotional regulation. Goals for on-task and work completion. Goals for non-compliance and following directions. Goals for peer interactions and social skills. Goals for organization.. Merry grinchmas stencil

Given a challenging task or situation, _____ will [follow a help seeking procedure of first trying to solve it on their own and then asking for peer or adult support; appropriately seek teachers’ help and explain why it is needed; attempt the challenging task before seeking help] 3 of 4 times as measured by student self report and teacher observations.Aug 3, 2017 · Social/Emotional IEP Goal Banks. 19. Sonoma SELPA Social/Emotional Goals 8 pages of social emotional goals organized by the social skills objective for the student. Behavioral IEP Goal Banks. 20. IEP Behavioral and Counseling Goal Menu An extensive list of detailed behavioral goals. All you have to do is insert the students name and you are ... Below are some goal examples to address this: “By the end of the semester, the student will utilize a planner to track assignments and due dates with 80% accuracy, as measured by teacher observations and agenda checks.”. “Over a 9-week period, the student will use a checklist to complete multi-step tasks, increasing from 70% to 90% ... 1 IEP Accommodations for Anxiety: 4 EFFECTIVE Strategies. 1.1 The Importance of Accommodations for Anxiety in IEPs. 1.2 Strategy 1: Environmental Adjustments. 1.3 Strategy 2: Personalized Learning Approaches. 1.4 Strategy 3: Communication and Collaboration Enhancements. 1.5 Strategy 4: Emotional and Behavioral Support. Mar 3, 2022 ... What about our high school students? Counselors are an awesome bridge between your IEP team members! Lean in and listen as Lauren Tingle of ...Here are some examples of IEP goals that can help students with ADHD: ‍. Improve attention and focus: The goal might be to increase the amount of time the student can sustain attention and focus on a task. This can be achieved through strategies such as chunking tasks, providing clear instructions, minimizing distractions, and breaking tasks ...There are different types of counseling, each with specific goals; however, a common goal is to get the person in treatment to a state of well being. In substance abuse counseling,...Goal: Student will acquire the skills to successfully transition to a two-year or four-year college/university. Objectives: ___ Student will enroll in academic classes that will prepare him/her for the educational challenges of postsecondary education. ___ Student will meet with guidance counselor/special education teacher to discuss academic ... 300.349 Private school placements by public agencies. (a) Developing IEPs. (1) Before a public agency places a child with a disability in, or refers a child to, a private school or facility, the agency shall initiate and conduct a meeting to develop an IEP for the child in accordance with §§ 300.346 and 300.347. IEP transition goals are set by the IEP team at the IEP team meeting which includes the student’s parents or guardians, teachers, counselors, and other school personnel. The team will meet to discuss the student’s needs, preferences, and what they want to achieve after high school. The team can use appropriate transition assessments …Individualized Education Program (IEP) The State of Rhode Island is committed to providing educational opportunities for all students to achieve high standards. For students with disabilities, this means that the student must be provided with a free, appropriate, public education (FAPE) designed to meet his or her needs and to provide the ...With the use of Cognitive Behavioral Intervention (strategy of learning to regulate thoughts and beliefs in counseling paired with daily reinforcement as tools are utilized), _____ will reduce instances of negative comments and gestures to an average of 1 instance per hour, across all classroom settings, as measured over 6 trial days.1. What is Emotional Control? 2. Sample IEP Goals for Emotional Control. 3. Tips on Meeting Goals for Emotional Control. 4. How to Address Each Goal. 5. Write the …This guide provides information for addressing selective mutism in a school setting. It covers intervention strategies and supports for a child who has difficulty communicating at school, whether or not the child has a formal diagnosis. Selective mutism (SM) is an anxiety disorder in which children have difficulty speaking in select situations ...As you develop IEP goals for social emotional learning, it’s important to remember that they must be achievable and measurable. When this is done well, a goal is often referred to as SMART: Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Results-oriented, and Time-bound. List clear expectations for what will qualify as successfully performing and achieving ...At a glance. Your child’s IEP goals should be reviewed and updated annually. These goals should focus on helping your child succeed in school subjects and with everyday life skills like socializing. Once new IEP goals are set, the IEP team decides what supports and services will help your child reach those goals.Health in the Individualized Education Plan (IEP) ... counseling, therapeutic recreation and modified physical education. Some health related goals will require the school nurse and others might be carried out by school personnel with training and/or monitoring from a registered nurse or therapist.Pre-marriage counseling is an essential step for couples looking to solidify their commitment and build a strong foundation for their future together. As part of this process, coup...Developing effective IEP goals for problem-solving skills is crucial in helping middle school students succeed in special education. By applying these goals and strategies, educators can foster independence, confidence, and growth in their students. We invite you to explore more resources at Everyday Speech Sample Materials and engage in the ...Here are some examples of IEP goals for anxiety: Goal 1: The student will identify and utilize at least three coping strategies when feeling anxious in the classroom setting. Goal 2: The student will demonstrate improved self-regulation skills by independently using calming techniques when experiencing anxiety.Writing IEP Goals...The SMART Way! Writing IEP goals can be frustrating and intimidating...but it doesn't have to be! Imagine that you show up to an IEP (Individualized Education Plan) meeting, whether you are a parent or a professional, and you see a goal like this: "Bonnie will learn the letters of the alphabet." ...Dive into Positive Action's comprehensive guide featuring over 100 IEP goals for fostering social-emotional skills stylish children. Covering areas like self-awareness, relationship skills, the problem-solving, this resource emphasizes the importance of SEL for mental health and provides strategies for tracking progress in a behavioral IEP.You can find lots of examples of goals for preschool children who stutter in Early Childhood Stuttering Therapy: A Practical Guide— including our exclusive “goal frame” that makes it easy to simply drop in the key aspects of your goal while maintaining language that is appropriate for your school-district. Clinicians often ask how they ...While there is no cure for ADHD, a good therapist can help reduce symptoms and build self-esteem. While there is no cure for ADHD, finding a good therapist can help reduce your sym... Connecticut IEP Manual . Introduction; Section 1: Demographics, Participants, Amendment Details, Recommendations ... Section 4: Annual Goals and Short-term Objectives ... No accredited college accepts students with IEP diplomas. Students with IEP diplomas may be able to attend a community college if they are able to fulfill other requirements such a...Among counselors who take a three-stage approach to counseling, the three stages are building a relationship, exploring concerns and offering guidance and feedback.Examples of IEP Goals for Respecting Personal Space. 1. Increase awareness of personal space boundaries: The student will demonstrate an understanding of personal space by maintaining an appropriate distance from peers during structured activities, with no more than two reminders per session, for three consecutive weeks. 2.Here are some examples of IEP goals for anxiety: Goal 1: The student will identify and utilize at least three coping strategies when feeling anxious in the classroom setting. Goal 2: The student will demonstrate improved self-regulation skills by independently using calming techniques when experiencing anxiety.15 SMART Goal Examples for IEP. The following are some SMART goal examples and how they might look within the IEP of a special education child: 1. Improve Math Skills. “Penelope will complete two-digit addition problems at an accuracy rate of at least 75% when completing in-class work and standardized tests.Social Emotional IEP Goal Bank. Self-regulation is also important in ensure it allows you till carry out long-term goals and desires and resist impulsive action. Self-regulation allows contact to be more resilient and bounce back from failure. It confers us who ability to remain peaceful available pressure.1.3 ATTENTION Booster 1: Self-Awareness and Emotional Regulation Goals. 1.4 ATTENTION Booster 2: Problem-Solving Skills for Enhanced Focus. 2 Advanced Strategies. 2.1 ATTENTION Booster 3: Managing Conflicts and Classroom Skills. 2.2 ATTENTION Booster 4: School Behavior and Group Activity Engagement.Social Skills IEP Goals Samples. Interpersonal Communication. By (date), the student will initiate conversations with peers in a school setting in 4 out of 5 opportunities. By (date), the student will maintain eye contact during conversations for at least 3 out of 5 interactions. By (date), the student will appropriately use ‘please’ and ...PHYSICAL AND OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY IEP GOALS. IEP Goals Related to the Common Core for OT/PT is a large goal bank for school based occupational and physical therapy that is aligned with the English Language Arts (ELA) and Mathematics common core standards for grades K-2. It is meant to provide guidance and suggestions …School Counselors: Offer guidance on forming and maintaining healthy friendships and provide resources for further support. IEP Goals for Navigating Friendships and Group Dynamics. Here are some specific SMART IEP goals to improve the target skill in students: Goal 1: Identifying Positive and Negative Group BehaviorsThis may include access to counseling services, mentorship programs, and extracurricular activities that promote personal growth and self-esteem. ... Developing IEP goals to increase confidence in students is a powerful way to support their academic and social-emotional development. By setting realistic and measurable goals, implementing ...IEP Goals for Anxiety In counseling sessions, _____ will accurately identify situations that can be anxiety producing and appropriate coping strategies or relaxation techniques when presented with real or imagined situations with 80% accuracy on 4 out of 5 trials.Writing IEP Goals...The SMART Way! Writing IEP goals can be frustrating and intimidating...but it doesn't have to be! Imagine that you show up to an IEP (Individualized Education Plan) meeting, whether you are a parent or a professional, and you see a goal like this: "Bonnie will learn the letters of the alphabet." ...Sep 17, 2020 · Person centered treatment has a focus on placing the individual and their families interests, motivators, wants and needs at the center of the process. Here are some guiding questions we can ask about a student/client’s stuttering from a person centered perspective. And here are some goal areas we can look at for students/clients who stutter: IEP Counseling Goals are a pain to generate when you are trying to run an ARD meeting. School Psychologists and counselors, here is a shortcut for you.Find a Counsellor defines immediacy as the ability of a counselor to use the immediate situation to encourage the client to see what is happening between them in the counseling rel...Understanding IEP goals for communication is essential for supporting the communication development of students with special needs. By ensuring that goals are specific, measurable, relevant, and achievable, educators and therapists can provide targeted interventions that address the unique communication challenges of each student.An Individualized Education Program (IEP) is crucial for students with dyslexia, providing tailored educational goals and services. Dyslexia is a specific learning disability affecting reading, writing, and spelling, requiring specialized support. IEP goals for dyslexia should be specific, measurable, evidence-based, and consider the student ... Set a Measurable and Realistic Goal. We should set a long-term goal (e.g., an annual goal in an IEP) at approximately 80%–90% accuracy/frequently (for behaviors we want to increase) or 10%–20% (for behaviors we want to decrease)—or at a rate/level that is commensurate with typical peers’ performance. Specific Measurable Attainable Relevant Time Based. IEP goals aimed at improving anxiety mandate that the school/staff provide tools support, and assessments with the intention of improving anxiety in the school setting These goals should be in addition to academic goals when necessary. When facing a challenging situation, Student will define ... Your child’s annual IEP goals should address the skills that need support due to learning and thinking differences. Effective IEP goals are strengths-based and SMART: specific, measurable, attainable, results-oriented, …Examples of IEP Goals for Respecting Personal Space. 1. Increase awareness of personal space boundaries: The student will demonstrate an understanding of personal space by maintaining an appropriate distance from peers during structured activities, with no more than two reminders per session, for three consecutive weeks. 2. How Common is Anxiety in Special Ed? Anxiety is one of the most common issues faced by students in special ed. According to the National Alliance on Mental Illness, one in five children aged 13 to 18 will experience an anxiety disorder, and this rate is even higher for children with special needs (Eulberg, n.d.). Contents hide. 1 IEP Goals for Autism: 7 TARGETED Strategies. 1.1 Key Areas for IEP Goals in Autism. 1.2 Strategy 1: Enhancing Communication Skills. 1.3 Strategy 2: Fostering Social Interactions. 1.4 Strategy 3: Promoting Academic and Cognitive Skills. 2 Advanced Strategies. Here been some examples of IEP goals by adaptive behavior conversely behavior goals samples: Goal: Improve self-care skills. Aim 1: The student will independently perform personalized hygiene routines, such as brushing teeth and combing hairy, with minimal verbal prompts.No accredited college accepts students with IEP diplomas. Students with IEP diplomas may be able to attend a community college if they are able to fulfill other requirements such a...May 20, 2023 · Below are some goal examples to address this: “By the end of the semester, the student will utilize a planner to track assignments and due dates with 80% accuracy, as measured by teacher observations and agenda checks.”. “Over a 9-week period, the student will use a checklist to complete multi-step tasks, increasing from 70% to 90% ... Goal 1: Initiating Conversations. By the end of the IEP period, the student will initiate conversations with peers and adults in 8 out of 10 opportunities, as measured by teacher observations and data collection. Strategies and activities: Teach conversation starters and practice using them in role-plays. Encourage the student to join group ...This article is designed to be utilized with the utmost professional integrity and ethical consideration. It is imperative to acknowledge that directly copying and pasting example goals into student’s IEPs from any external source, including ours, undermines the individualized nature of IEP planning and does not serve the best interests of students.According to IDEA Sec. 300.34, “Related services means transportation and such developmental, corrective, and other supportive services as are required to assist a child with a disability to benefit from special education, and includes speech-language pathology and audiology services, interpreting services, psychological services, physical ...Given a challenging task or situation, _____ will [follow a help seeking procedure of first trying to solve it on their own and then asking for peer or adult support; appropriately seek teachers’ help and explain why it is needed; attempt the challenging task before seeking help] 3 of 4 times as measured by student self report and teacher observations.Relevant. Time-bound. ‍. To summarize, IEP goals should explicitly state what the student will achieve, how progress will be measured, and when the goal will be achieved. ‍. Writing effective SMART IEP goals takes practice and time. To help get you and your IEP/Special Education team started, we've put together an IEP bank, featuring 100 ...Consumer credit counseling allows trained credit counselors to help consumers in paying off their debt. Learn about credit counseling. Advertisement Your phone rings off the hook -...1 IEP Accommodations for Anxiety: 4 EFFECTIVE Strategies. 1.1 The Importance of Accommodations for Anxiety in IEPs. 1.2 Strategy 1: Environmental Adjustments. 1.3 Strategy 2: Personalized Learning Approaches. 1.4 Strategy 3: Communication and Collaboration Enhancements. 1.5 Strategy 4: Emotional and Behavioral Support.Social Emotional IEP Goals Samples. Emotional Regulation. By (date), the student will identify and accurately label their own emotions in 7 out of 10 opportunities. By (date), when feeling overwhelmed, the student will use a taught coping strategy in 8 out of 10 observed instances. By (date), the student will demonstrate appropriate frustration ...Socio-emotional Goal Bank for IEPs with Baseline & Intervention Ideas From Spedhelper.org 3 About The goal of the Socioemotional IEP Goal Bank is to help you write strong IEP goals that help your students become more successful students while in your classroom and years down the road!Apr 21, 2022 ... Tips on Setting Goals for Impulse Control · Focus on a Healthy Lifestyle · Identify Triggers and Provide Alternatives · Use Videos and Social&...Person centered treatment has a focus on placing the individual and their families interests, motivators, wants and needs at the center of the process. Here are some guiding questions we can ask about a student/client’s stuttering from a person centered perspective. And here are some goal areas we can look at for students/clients who stutter:Writing: By the end of the school year, when given a writing assignment, the student will independently create a keyword outline that includes the main topic and three supporting points as a basis for the essay, based on a rubric, 90% of the time. Or download our free EF IEP Goal Bank that includes 100+ EF IEP goals.A. Yes, it’s definitely OK to ask for self-advocacy goals to be included in your child’s IEP. The IEP should have any goals that you and the rest of the IEP team think are important to help your child get an appropriate education. Schools know that self-advocacy is essential for your child to thrive in the classroom and in the community.Find examples of IEP goals for counseling in various areas such as aggression, class participation, coping skills, self-monitoring, self-control, and on-task behavior. Each goal includes a behavioral …Among counselors who take a three-stage approach to counseling, the three stages are building a relationship, exploring concerns and offering guidance and feedback.When writing social emotional IEP goals, it is important to make them measurable and specific. This ensures that progress can be accurately measured and that the goals are clear and actionable. 1. Using action verbs. Start social emotional IEP goals with action verbs that clearly describe the desired behavior or skill.Below are some goal examples to address this: “By the end of the semester, the student will utilize a planner to track assignments and due dates with 80% accuracy, as measured by teacher observations and agenda checks.”. “Over a 9-week period, the student will use a checklist to complete multi-step tasks, increasing from 70% to 90% ...Aug 3, 2017 · Social/Emotional IEP Goal Banks. 19. Sonoma SELPA Social/Emotional Goals 8 pages of social emotional goals organized by the social skills objective for the student. Behavioral IEP Goal Banks. 20. IEP Behavioral and Counseling Goal Menu An extensive list of detailed behavioral goals. All you have to do is insert the students name and you are ... This includes a person who understands your child’s mental health disorder diagnosis. The IEP team, which includes parents, develops academic and behavioral goals they think a child can accomplish in one year. These goals become an important part of the IEP. The measure of success is progress. If your child has made appropriate progress in ...Marriage is a delicate bond that requires constant effort and investment. However, even the most loving relationships can face difficulties and challenges that may lead to conflict...Goal One: Academic Achievement ... To enhance student ability to reach requirements for high school graduation and post-secondary success; school counselors will ...A significant part of social emotional IEP goals is to teach your child how to manage their social interactions and emotions on a daily basis. This requires the help and support of special education teachers, school psychologists, occupational therapists and other school staff. You can help support this process by asking for regular meetings ...Goal: Student will acquire the skills to successfully transition to a two-year or four-year college/university. Objectives: ___ Student will enroll in academic classes that will prepare him/her for the educational challenges of postsecondary education. ___ Student will meet with guidance counselor/special education teacher to discuss academic ...Key components of effective IEP goals include being specific, measurable, attainable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART). This ensures that the goals are clear, achievable, …Examples of IEP Goals for Social Interaction. Goal 1: Improve turn-taking skills during conversations: By the end of the IEP period, the child will demonstrate improved turn-taking skills during conversations, taking turns to speak and actively listening to others, as observed in 4 out of 5 opportunities in the classroom setting.This is what I whipped up for us: I created some printables to help you 1) create your goals, 2) give you more example goals, and 3) keep them at the top of your mind. And they are FREE! Just fill out the form to join the email list and you’ll be able to download it right away.Anxiety IEP Goals. In counseling sessions, _____ will accurately identify situations ensure can be anxiety-producing and fitting coping strategies press relaxation techniques whenever presented equipped real or imagined situations with 80% accuracy on 4 out of 5 trials.It can be hard to quantify the changes that occur during counseling. Yet IEP teams and insurance companies require objectives that are S.M.A.R.T. (specific, measurable, achievable, relevant and time-limited.) Developing IEP objectives and treatment plans can be a complex process that leaves many folks unsure of the most effective strategies to use.Among counselors who take a three-stage approach to counseling, the three stages are building a relationship, exploring concerns and offering guidance and feedback.IEP Social Skills goals and objectives are specific goals included in an individual education program (IEP) to help students develop and enhance their social ...Counseling intake forms are essential tools that help therapists gather important information about their clients. These forms ensure that therapists have a comprehensive understan...Browse our FREE Common Core aligned IEP goal bank! Find socio-emotional and academic goals and objectives in reading, writing, and mathematics for your students, along with sample baselines, assessment ideas, and modification ideas!Marriage is a delicate bond that requires constant effort and investment. However, even the most loving relationships can face difficulties and challenges that may lead to conflict...A student’s IEP should include an annual IEP SMART goal. SMART is an acronym that stands for: S – SPECIFIC: what, why and how are you going to do it. M – MEASURABLE: evidence that the goal will be achieved i.e. data collection. A – ATTAINABLE: goal needs to be challenging but reachable. R – RELEVANT AND …Nov 16, 2018 ... These evaluation results along with functional performance data drive the identification of educational needs, goals, accommodations, ...

It is the IEP team’s responsibility to review all of the evaluation information, to identify any related services the child needs, and to include them in the IEP. Goals can be written for a related service just as they are for other special education services. The IEP must also specify with respect to each service: when the service will begin;. Ap biology chapter 22 reading guide answers

iep goals for counseling

1 IEP Accommodations for Anxiety: 4 EFFECTIVE Strategies. 1.1 The Importance of Accommodations for Anxiety in IEPs. 1.2 Strategy 1: Environmental Adjustments. 1.3 Strategy 2: Personalized Learning Approaches. 1.4 Strategy 3: Communication and Collaboration Enhancements. 1.5 Strategy 4: Emotional and Behavioral Support.When writing goals for children with Autism it is crucial to be as specific as possible. IEP's need to be individualized but do not always show all of the ...Marriage is a beautiful thing, but it can also be a challenging journey. Couples who are experiencing difficulties in their relationship may find themselves searching for solutions...Typically, IEP goals for autism may focus on enhancing communication and language skills, social skills and emotional regulation, academic and cognitive skills, as well as adaptive and independent living skills. This comprehensive approach promotes overall development and well-being in individuals with autism.IEP Goals to Increase Self-Esteem. Goal 1: Developing a positive self-image. To promote self-acceptance and self-worth, encourage activities that help students recognize their strengths and unique qualities. Provide opportunities for self-reflection and self-expression. Teach them to focus on their accomplishments and celebrate their successes.School social workers and counselors, discover how to save time and easily write powerful S.M.A.R.T social-emotional behavioral treatment plan and IEP goals with this 65 page eBook! Learn to easily write mental health objectives for treatment planning purposes, saving time on documentation, and helping others to make positive progress in their lives.IEP Counseling Goals. Trying to write counseling goals for an IEP when you are pressed for time and trying to run an ARD meeting can be difficult. Use these counseling goals …As School Psychologists, it becomes second nature to ensure that everything we do and write is legally defendable. When that comes to IEP goals we want to make sure we are writing S.M.A.R.T. goals! 1) Specific - Write a goal in a targeted academic, behavioral, …IEP Goals to Increase Self-Esteem. Goal 1: Developing a positive self-image. To promote self-acceptance and self-worth, encourage activities that help students recognize their strengths and unique qualities. Provide opportunities for self-reflection and self-expression. Teach them to focus on their accomplishments and celebrate their successes.If you’re a special education teacher, you know how important it is to track student progress towards their Individualized Education Program (IEP) goals. An IEP goal tracker can he...IEP Goals for Self-Regulation & Self-Advocacy. Self-Advocacy Goals; Self-Regulation Goals; Self-Advocacy: Asking for Help Goal. Given a challenging task or situation, _____ will [follow a help seeking procedure of first trying to solve it on their own and then asking for peer or adult support; appropriately seek teachers’ help and explain why ...Examples of Social Skills Goals for IEP: 1. Active listening and turn-taking during group discussions: The student will demonstrate active listening skills by maintaining eye contact, nodding, and responding appropriately. They will also take turns speaking during group discussions without interrupting others. 2.Apr 2, 2022 · This article is designed to be utilized with the utmost professional integrity and ethical consideration. It is imperative to acknowledge that directly copying and pasting example goals into student’s IEPs from any external source, including ours, undermines the individualized nature of IEP planning and does not serve the best interests of students. IEP-required group counseling is expected to supplement the regular guidance and counseling program. (34 CFR §300.24.(b)(2)); CCR Title 5 §3051.9) Guidance services include interpersonal, intrapersonal or family interventions, performed in an individual or group setting by a qualified individual pursuant to an IEP.This article is designed to be utilized with the utmost professional integrity and ethical consideration. It is imperative to acknowledge that directly copying and pasting example goals into student’s IEPs from any external source, including ours, undermines the individualized nature of IEP planning and does not serve the best interests of students.You can find lots of examples of goals for preschool children who stutter in Early Childhood Stuttering Therapy: A Practical Guide— including our exclusive “goal frame” that makes it easy to simply drop in the key aspects of your goal while maintaining language that is appropriate for your school-district. Clinicians often ask how they ...School Counselors: They can work with students to develop self-awareness, self-regulation, and communication skills, and collaborate with teachers to support students’ social-emotional growth. IEP Goals for Conversation Skills. Here are some specific SMART IEP goals to enhance conversation skills in kindergarten students:IEP Social Skills goals and objectives are specific goals included in an individual education program (IEP) to help students develop and enhance their social ...This document is intended for secondary educators and families of students with intellectual disability when developing individual education program (IEP) goals for students who intend to transition to postsecondary education. The suggested goal ideas focus on the skills and knowledge necessary for students to be prepared for college.Contents of the IEP. Consenting to Services. The Individualized Education Program (IEP) is a written statement of our plan to provide your child with a Free and Appropriate Public Education (FAPE) in their Least Restrictive Environment (LRE). Please speak with your IEP team if you would like an interpreter at your child's IEP meeting, or if you ....

Popular Topics